Flow lines

Flow lines

Flow lines can be defined as linear grooving, or circular ripples, on the surface of a molded part that indicate the direction of material flow within the cavity of the mold.

MACHINE INADEQUATE INJECTION PRESSURE
Explanation: If too little injection pressure is used, the molten plastic will tend to cool down and solidify before the mold is packed out. If no packing is achieved, the flow pattern of the material will be imprinted on the surface of the part because not enough pressure was used to force the plastic against the steel of the mold and squeeze out the flow lines.Solution: Increasing the injection pressure will force the molten plastic against the mold cavity steel before the plastic solidifies, removing the flow lines and duplicating the cavity finish.

INADEQUATE RESIDENCE TIME
Explanation: Residence time is the amount of time that the plastic material spends being exposed to heating conditions in the injection barrel. The required time depends upon how much heat the material must absorb to be processed properly. Inadequate residence time results in underheated material. This will cause the material to be stiff when injected and it will not flow enough to fill the cavity before solidifying. The flow patterns will be imprinted on the surface of the molded part because they were not forced out in time.Solution: Optimize the residence time by making sure the mold is sized to the proper machine. Also, optimize the cycle time to ensure the material residence time is adequate to properly melt the plastic.

LOW BARREL TEMPERATURES
Explanation: Low barrel temperatures have the same effect as short residence time. The plastic material does not become fluid enough to fill the mold before solidifying and flow lines are imprinted on the part surface before they can be forced away.Solution: Increase the barrel temperature to that recommended by the material supplier. Adjust as needed to eliminate the flow lines. And, remember to keep the profile set so the material is heated from the rear towards the front of the barrel.

LOW NOZZLE TEMPERATURE
Explanation: As material is transported through the heating barrel, it is gradually brought up to the ideal processing temperature by absorbing heat from the heating bands and frictional heat, which is created by the shearing action of the rotating screw within the barrel. In the last heating zone, the material is exposed to is the nozzle. By the time the material gets to the nozzle, it should already be at ideal molding temperature and only a small amount of heat needs to be applied at this point to keep the resin flowing. If the nozzle is not hot enough, however, the material will begin to cool off too quickly as it leaves the barrel and the flow front will not be forced against the cavity steel to squeeze out the flow lines.Solution: Increase the nozzle temperature. As a rule-of-thumb, the nozzle temperature should be set at 10 degrees F higher than the setting for the front zone of the barrel. This helps compensate for heat loss due to metal-to-metal contact between the nozzle and the sprue bushing, and keeps the material hot enough to pack the mold, eliminating flow lines.

INADEQUATE CYCLE TIME
Explanation: If the overall cycle time is too short there is a good possibility that the material in the barrel cannot absorb enough heat before it is injected into the mold. This will cause premature solidification and flow lines may appear because the plastic was not packed enough (before solidifying) to squeeze them out.Solution: Increase the cycle time. The easiest change to make is to add time to the cooling portion of the cycle. That is when the plastic is absorbing the most heat in the barrel. Increase barrel temperatures 10 degrees F at a time, allowing 10 cycles between changes to re-stabilize the process.

MOLD
LOW MOLD TEMPERATURE
Explanation: Generally, a hot mold will allow a material to stay molten longer than a cold mold and cause the molecules to pack together properly before they solidify. This results in a dense part with no flow lines. If the mold is too cold, the molecules solidify before they are packed out and flow lines may result.Solution: Increase the mold temperature to the point that the material has proper flow and packs out the mold. Start with the material suppliers recommendations and adjust accordingly. Allow 10 cycles for every 10-degree change for the process to re-stabilize.

IMPROPER VENTING
Explanation: If there is not enough venting in the mold, the material will push into unvented areas and not compress against the mold steel because trapped gases are in the way. The material will actually ``stutter'' as it tries to force the gas out of the way, and will eventually solidify before packing can be achieved. The stutter marks will imprint on the part surface as flow lines. Solution: Vent the mold by grinding thin (0.0005''-0.002'') pathways on the shutoff area of the cavity blocks. The viscosity of the plastic being molded determines the depth of the vent. Stiff materials can utilize deeper vents but fluid materials require thinner vents. In either case, the concept is to remove air from the mold as fast as possible with as deep a gate as the material viscosity will allow. At least 30% of the parting line perimeter should be vented, but additional vents can be selectively placed for any area where flow lines appear.

SMALL GATES AND/OR RUNNERS
Explanation: Gates and/or runners that are too small will cause excessive restriction to the flow of the molten plastic. Many plastics will then begin to solidify before they fill the cavity. The result is an unpacked condition of the molecules and flow lines will not have a chance to be pressed out of the product surface.Solution: Examine the gates and runners to determine if any burrs or other obstructions exist. If possible, perform a computer analysis to determine the proper sizing and location of gates and runners. Ask the material supplier for data concerning gate and runner dimensioning for a specific material and flow rate.

MATERIAL
IMPROPER FLOW RATE
Explanation: Resin manufacturers supply specific formulations in a range of standard flow rates. Thin-walled products may require an easy flow material while thick-walled products can use a material that has a stiffer consistency. It is better to use the stiffest flow possible because it improves physical properties of the molded part. However, the stiff material will require higher injection pressures, which may blow the mold open and cause flash at the parting line. If an easy flow material is used, the physical properties will not be as great but, in addition, the material will flow into very thin areas and could create flash where the stiffer materials would not. Solution: Utilize a material that has the stiffest flow possible without causing non-fill. Contact the material supplier for help in deciding which flow rate should be used for a specific application.

INADEQUATE MOLDING LUBRICANT
Explanation: If a material is too stiff, it may solidify before packing the cavity and flow lines could exist. A lubricant can be added to improve the flow. If this is an external lubricant such as a mold release agent, it is difficult to control the amount of lubricant being used and the material may more fluid than required. The result could be flashing where the material would not do so without lubricant.Solution: If it is determined that a lubricant must be used, have the material manufacturer (or a compounder) add it directly to the pellets. That will result in more uniform blending and all the material will have the same flow rate.

OPERATOR 
INCONSISTENT PROCESS CYCLE
Explanation: It is possible that the machine operator is the cause of delayed or inconsistent cycles. This will result in erratic heating of the material in the injection barrel. If such a condition exists, the colder particles will require higher injection pressures and may not fill the mold before they fully solidify. Flow lines will not be forced out in time.Solution: If possible, operate the machine on automatic cycle, using the operator only to interrupt the cycle if an emergency occurs. Use a robot if an ``operator'' is really necessary. And, instruct all employees on the importance of maintaining consistent cycles.

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Flash - Trouble Shooting

Flash - Trouble Shooting

Flash can be defined as excess plastic material forced out of the cavity. This occurs at any point where two mold surfaces meet.

MACHINE EXCESSIVE RESIDENCE TIME IN BARREL 
Explanation: Ideally, a shot size should equal 50% of the capacity of the barrel. That results in processing one cycle while preparing for the next cycle. However, this is a general statement because, depending on the material, the ratio can be as small as 20% for non-heat-sensitive materials such as polypropylene and up to 80% for heat-sensitive material such as PVC. As the ratio drops, the time of residence by the material in the barrel increases, and the material gets hotter. It will flow much easier at this point and enter areas where it could not at its normal viscosity. This results in a flashing condition in those areas. Solution: Strive for a 50% shot-to-barrel ratio. This is ideal but can go as low as 20% if the material is not too heat sensitive (like polypropylene) and up to 80% if the material is extremely heat sensitive (like PVC). It is not a good idea to empty the barrel every shot because more time will be required to bring the next mass of material up to proper heat and degradation may occur.

EXCESSIVE INJECTION PRESSURE 
Explanation: If too much injection pressure is used, the clamp unit may not be able to hold the mold closed, especially on a machine with a hydraulic clamp. The mold will blow open and plastic material will leak out around the perimeter of the parting line. This leakage is called flash. It can also occur between any mating steel surfaces of the mold such as around ejector pins and slides. Major mold damage may occur as a result of flashing. Solution: Reducing the injection pressure reduces the tendency for the material to flash. In addition, make sure there is a properly raised shutoff land around the perimeter of the cavity. This will focus the clamp force and allow less clamp tonnage to be used. Without the shutoff land on the mold, the machine may not be able to generate enough clamp force to keep the mold closed under normal injection pressure.

HIGH BARREL TEMPERATURES 
Explanation: High barrel temperatures have the same effect as long residence time. The plastic material becomes more fluid than it should and can enter small openings and crevices that it could not normally enter at the right viscosity. Solution: Reduce the barrel temperature to that recommended by the material supplier. And, remember to keep the profile set so the material is heated from the rear towards the front of the barrel.

EXCESSIVE CYCLE TIMES 
Explanation: If the total cycle time is too long, there is a good possibility that the material is overheating in the barrel. This will cause the material to become too fluid and creates the potential for flashing in areas where it would not normally do so. Solution: Reduce the cycle time. Normally, this can come from the cooling portion of the cycle, but make sure the other functions are not excessive. For instance, injection hold time only needs to be long enough for the gate to freeze. After that, the hold pressure has no effect on the material in the cavity. So, the hold time is an area that should be considered for time reduction. Other functions should also be analyzed.

INADEQUATE CLAMP FORCE SETTING 
Explanation: In both hydraulic and mechanical clamp machines, the clamp unit position must be set at the beginning of a molding run and readjusted as the run progresses, due to thermal expansion of the mold and machine. If this readjustment requirement is ignored, the clamp unit position may shift to the point of not fully closing the mold against the incoming injection pressure, and flashing will occur at the parting line. Solution: Size the mold to run in the proper machine. This is done by calculating the molding surface area (area of the part to be molded) and multiplying it by a factor of from 2 to 6. The higher number is used for stiff material (like polycarbonate) and the lower number for easy-flowing materials. That will give the number of tons needed to keep the mold closed, assuming there is a proper shutoff land on the mold. You must calculate the total area so include all cavities and the runner system.

MOLD IMPROPER PARTING LINE SEAL
Explanation: The parting line(s) of a mold must be machined to very close tolerances and parallelism to seal properly when the mold is clamped shut. If the parting line is not parallel, or is otherwise improperly machined or designed, molten plastic material will be forced out of the areas that are not closed tightly, and flash will form.Solution: Check for proper parting line seal. Make sure there is a shutoff land around the perimeter of the part. There should also be pads around the leader pins at the same height as the shutoff land to ensure parallelism when the mold is clamped. Use a dial indicator to check the flatness (or parallelism) of the parting line surfaces. They should be within 0.002'' (or less) over the entire parting line surface.

IMPROPER VENTING
Explanation: If vents are machined too deeply for a specific material the molten plastic can leak into the vents and become flash on the molded part. Solution: Vent the mold by grinding thin (0.0005''-0.002'') pathways on the shutoff area of the cavity blocks. The viscosity of the plastic being molded determines the depth of the vent. Stiff materials can utilize deeper vents but fluid materials require thinner vents. In either case, the concept is to remove air from the mold as fast as possible with as deep a gate as the material viscosity will allow.

INADEQUATE MOLD SUPPORTS
Explanation: Components called support pillars are used in the construction of a mold to provide extra compression support behind the cavity retainer plates on the ejector half of the mold. These pillars are used to fill in the vacant areas present in the U-shaped ejector housing and, when properly positioned, keep the mold from collapsing into the ejector housing during the injection phase of the molding cycle. If there are too few pillars or they are not positioned properly, the mold plates will deflect when injection pressure is applied and molten material will flow into the distorted areas, causing flash.Solution: Ensure that adequate support exists. An example of the importance of support pillars can be seen by the following: If a 12'' x 15'' mold base is used without any pillars, the maximum amount of projected part area that the mold could produce without plates deflecting would be 14 square inches. If four 1-1/4'' diameter support pillars are properly placed in the same mold, the allowed projected area would increase to 56 square inches, an improvement of 400%.

SPRUE BUSHING TOO LONG
Explanation: In a standard mold design, the sprue bushing extends through the A half of the mold until it touches the parting line at the ``B'' half. A runner is then machined across the face of the bushing to allow molten plastic to flow into the mold. If the sprue bushing is too long, it will keep the ``B'' half from closing tightly against the A half and a gap will form at the parting line. Molten material will leak into this gap causing flash.Solution: Reduce the length of the sprue bushing. This is easily done by grinding the face back enough to form a small pad of material to ensure the bushing does not touch against the ``B'' half. The thickness of the pad should be limited to approximately 1/32'' so it will not affect the overall cooling time of the cycle. This pad will also act as a cold well.

IMPROPER STACK-UP DIMENSIONS
Explanation: Unless a mold is cut-in-the-solid, there are many plates, blocks, and other components used in its construction. Each half of the mold must be constructed so that these items ``stack-up'' to specific dimensions. If this is not the case, these items will have gaps that the molten material can flow through and cause flash.Solution: A new mold should have the dimensions checked and adjusted even before the mold is placed in a press. As molds age, the components are exposed to compression and fatigue and may relax. They need to be adjusted periodically to ensure that the stack-up dimensions are still proper. Proper stack-up results in a preload of approximately 0.003'' on the cavity block faces.

MATERIALIMPROPER FLOW RATE
Explanation: Resin manufacturers supply specific formulations in a range of standard flow rates. Thin-walled products may require an easy flow material while thick-walled products can use a material that has a stiffer consistency. It is better to use the stiffest flow possible because it improves physical properties of the molded part. However, the stiff material will require higher injection pressures, which may blow the mold open and cause flash at the parting line. If an easy flow material is used, the physical properties will not be as great. In addition, the material will flow into very thin areas and could create flash where the stiffer materials would not.Solution: Utilize a material that has the stiffest flow possible without causing non-fill. Contact the material supplier for help in deciding which flow rate should be used for a specific application.

EXCESSIVE MOLD LUBRICANT
Explanation: If a material is stiff, a lubricant can be added to improve the flow. If this is an external lubricant such as a mold release agent, it is difficult to control the amount of lubricant being used and the material may become more fluid than required. The result could be flashing where the material would not do so without lubricant.Solution: If it a lubricant must be used, have the material manufacturer (or a compounder) add it directly to the pellets. That will result in more uniform blending and all the material will have the same flow rate.

OPERATOR INCONSISTENT PROCESS CYCLE
Explanation: It is possible that the machine operator is the cause of delayed or inconsistent cycles. This will result in erratic heating of the material in the injection barrel. If such a condition exists, the material will not be of consistent flow rate and the easier flowing portions may cause flashing. Solution: If possible, run the machine on automatic cycle, using the operator only to interrupt the cycle if an emergency occurs. Use a robot if an ``operator'' is really necessary. And, instruct all employees on the importance of maintaining consistent cycles. in more uniform blending and all the material will have the same flow rate.

OPERATOR INCONSISTENT PROCESS CYCLE
Explanation: It is possible that the machine operator is the cause of delayed or inconsistent cycles. This will result in erratic heating of the material in the injection barrel. If such a condition exists, the material will not be of consistent flow rate and the easier flowing portions may cause flashing. Solution: If possible, run the machine on automatic cycle, using the operator only to interrupt the cycle if an emergency occurs. Use a robot if an ``operator'' is really necessary. And, instruct all employees on the importance of maintaining consistent cycles. in more uniform blending and all the material will have the same flow rate.

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Excessive shrinkage-Trouble shooting

Excessive shrinkage-Trouble shooting

Excessive shrinkage can be defined as an extreme decrease in the  dimensions of a molded part after it has cooled to room temperature.

MACHINE BARREL TEMPERATURE TOO HIGH 
Explanation: If the barrel temperature is too high, the resin absorbs an excessive amount of heat and this increases the size of the voided area between the plastic molecules. Upon cooling, the skin of the material solidifies first and the remaining resin closes up the excessively large molecules and voids as it cools, pulling the solidified skin with it. The larger the molecules and voids, the greater the amount of shrinkage.  Solution: Decreasing the barrel temperature allows the molecules and voids to expand and contract normally and provide consistent shrinkage values. Shrinkage is impossible to predict accurately, but keeping the material and mold temperatures at the right settings (as recommended by the material suppliers) will minimize the effective shrinkage.

INSUFFICIENT INJECTION PRESSURE OR TIME
Explanation: Injection pressure must be high enough to push molten material into the mold, through the runners and gates, and into the cavity image area. It should be used to force material into every part of the mold until it is packed solidly. The proper amount of pressure held for the proper amount of time ensures that all the resin molecules are held closely together while they cool and solidify. This minimizes the amount of shrinkage that will take place after the part is removed from the mold. But, if inadequate pressure is used or if it is applied for too short a period of time, the molecules will not be constrained during the solidification phase and the entire part will shrink excessively after removal from the mold. Solution: Increase the amount of pressure or the time applied. Upon initial startup, the mold should be filled incrementally starting with intentional short shots (if the mold design allows) and progressively increasing pressure shot-by-shot until the mold is filled and packed properly. Then, parts should be inspected for critical dimensions. If the mold is new, and dimensions are incorrect, the mold should be returned to the moldmaker for adjustments. If the mold has already been in production and the dimensions are wrong, process parameters can be adjusted to make the part shrink less or more, whichever is required.

INADEQUATE COOLING TIME
Explanation: The cooling phase of the total molding cycle determines how long the molten material is held in a constrained condition until a strong skin is formed. After that, the part can be ejected from the mold and the next cycle can begin. If that cooling time is too short, the skin will not be of sufficient thickness and strength to hold the part together after ejection from the mold and continued shrinking may become excessive. Solution: Adjust the cooling time portion of the cycle. It is true that longer cycles make the part more expensive but there is a minimum amount of time required for the resin to form a proper skin. It depends on what material is being molded. A general rule-of-thumb for a part with a wall thickness of 0.100'', the cooling time should be 20 seconds. The overall cycle would then be 25-30 seconds.

INSUFFICIENT CUSHION AND/OR HOLD TIME
Explanation: A cushion (pad) is required at the end of the injection stroke to maintain steady pressure against the molten material after it has filled the cavity image. This pressure (and the time it is applied) keep the molecules packed together and constrained while the product skin forms and solidifies enough for the part to be ejected. If the cushion is too small or the time is too short, the plastic molecules are not constrained and some will actually pull back out of the cavity. The remaining molecules may move after the part is ejected and cause excessive shrinkage as they contract beyond their normal values. Solution: Maintain a cushion that is somewhere between 1/8'' and 1/4'' at the end of the injection stroke. This provides something against which hold pressure can be applied. The amount of time for holding pressure should be long enough for the gate to freeze, normally 3-4 seconds.

EXCESSIVE NON-RETURN VALVE CLEARANCE
Explanation: The non-return valve, found in the front section of the screw and barrel assembly, keeps molten plastic from slipping back over the injection screw when the screw is pushed forward during the injection phase of the process. The valve lies between the outside diameter of the screw and the inside diameter of the barrel and creates a seal between the two. If there is too much clearance (due to wear) the sealing effect is lost and slippage occurs. This results in a reduction in volume of plastic and a bottoming out of the injection stroke, eliminating the required cushion. Solution: Inspect the non-return valve mechanism and replace worn or damaged components. This wear is normal but is accelerated by molding materials that have reinforcements (such as glass) in them. The valve should be inspected at least every three months. 

MOLD

MOLD TEMPERATURE TOO HIGH
Explanation: Generally, a hot mold will allow a material to stay molten longer than a cold mold and cause the molecules to stay fluid longer before they cool and solidify. Upon ejection from the mold the material will be allowed to contract more than normal and excessive shrinkage will occur.Solution: Increase the mold temperature to the point at which the material has the proper flow and packs out the mold with maximum fill. Start with the material suppliers recommendations and adjust accordingly. Allow 10 cycles for every 10-degree change for the process to re-stabilize.

SMALL GATES AND/OR RUNNERS
Explanation: Gates and/or runners that are too small will cause excessive restriction to the flow of the molten plastic. Many plastics will then begin to solidify before they fill the cavity. The result is a material that is not fully contained within the metal mold surfaces and is allowed to shrink beyond normal values.Solution: Examine the gates and runners to optimize their size and shape. Do not overlook the sprue bushing as a long sprue may solidify too soon. Use a heated bushing or extended nozzle to minimize sprue length. Ask the material supplier for data concerning gate and runner dimensioning for a specific material and flow rate.

IMPROPER GATE LOCATION
Explanation: If certain materials are injected directly across a flat cavity surface they tend to slow down quickly as a result of frictional drag and cool off before the cavity is properly filled. The material is not held under proper pressure while solidifying and excessive shrinkage will occur after ejection from the mold.Solution: Relocate or redesign the gate so that the molten plastic is directed against an obstruction such as a core pin. This will cause the material to disperse and continue to flow instead of slowing down.

MATERIALIMPROPER FLOW RATE
Explanation: Resin manufacturers supply specific formulations in a range of standard flow rates. Thin-walled products may require an easy flow material while thick-walled products can use a material that is stiffer. It is better to use as stiff a flow as possible because that improves physical properties of the molded part. But the stiff material will be more difficult to push and this may result in a less dense material filling the cavity image. The lower this density, the higher the amount of shrinkage that will occur after ejection.Solution: Utilize a material that has the stiffest flow possible without causing non-fill. Contact the material supplier for help in deciding which flow rate should be used for a specific application.

OPERATORINCONSISTENT PROCESS CYCLE
Explanation: The machine operator may be opening the gate too soon, thereby effectively shortening the overall cycle time. This would cause the part to be ejected before the skin has formed properly and excessive shrinkage may occur.Solution: If possible, operate the machine on automatic cycle, using the operator only to interrupt the cycle if an emergency occurs. Use a robot if an ``operator'' is really necessary. And, instruct all employees on the importance of maintaining consistent cycles.

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COOLING

COOLING

During the final stage of cooling, mould temperature directly affects product dimensions and stability. Therefore, moulds must have an even distribution of water lines to accurately control the process and part-to-part uniformity.

A hot mould will...
· Produce parts with less stress and higher gloss.
· Usually requires less clamp tonnage to mould the part.
· Has a longer cycle time.
Engineering resins require hot moulds that run anywhere from 180 to 220 degrees Fahrenheit. Specialty resins require hot moulds in excess of 300°F.

A cold mould will...

· Produce parts with a dull surface appearance and more moulded in stress
· Requires more clamp tonnage to mould the part
· Has a shorter cycle time
Commodity type resins use a cold mould that typically runs at about 70°F or less.

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INJECTION

INJECTION

Several moulding parameters directly influence the injection of plastics into the mould, including the following:

· Injection speed
· Melt cushion
· Injection pressure
· Injection time

3.4.1 Injection Speed

Injection speed is a key processing parameter.

· For older machines

Older machines have only a simple flow control valve that regulates the amount of hydraulic oil going to the injection cylinder piston. Opening the valve will allow more oil to enter the piston at a greater rate and thus the plastics is injected faster.

With materials that flow with some difficulty it is recommended to use full injection velocity- (75% to 100% of the available injection velocity.) For moulding plastics which flow more readily it is recommended to start at 50% of the potential injection velocity and slowly work up as needed.

· For newer machines

More advanced machines control multiple stages of the injection velocity to more accurately control the process. Later model injection moulding machines allow you to better control your process and, as a result, will give you less part-to-part variation and better part performance.

3.4.2 Melt Cushion

The melt cushion is the material at the front of the screw when the screw is in the forward position. Always injection mould with a melt cushion of 1/8” to 1/4” to allow the part to pack out evenly. A pressure loss can result if the cushion is too high, and the parts will not mould consistently.

3.4.3 Injection Pressure

Pressure is created by a resistance to flow. As hydraulics are controlled by this property, injection pressure settings can be developed.

To establish first stage injection pressure, raise the pressure to a point where the part fills out without any packing. The screw moves forward and stops as it reaches the melt cushion.

At this point, second stage pressure is implemented to allow the cushion to pack out the part. Older machines usually have a combination hydraulic pump that includes a high-volume, low-pressure pump and a low-volume, high-pressure pump.

The high-volume pump allows for a fast, steady, forward movement of the screw, and the low-volume pump handles the packing of the part. As moulding machines are designed around their hydraulics, the high-volume pump consumes more energy than the low-volume pump. Therefore, it is more efficient to switch to the low-volume pump as soon as possible to reduce the amount of energy consumption. As a result, more energy is conserved by reducing the first stage time than by reducing the cooling time.


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The more advanced machines control multiple pressure settings and therefore more accurately control the moulding process and final moulded part quality.

3.4.4 Injection Time

Injection time is the amount of time that the screw remains forward. By controlling the rate of hydraulic oil to the injection cylinder piston, injection time is controlled.

Assuming a machine has only a first and second stage:

· The first stage is the amount of time it takes to fill the part.
· The second stage is the time required for the gate to freeze off.

In a multiple stage injection, the last stage is usually the packing stage because the sprue, runner, and parts are full. At this point, you will notice that the part weight remains constant from shot to shot.

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PHASES OF OPERATION

PHASES OF OPERATION

In injection moulding, we can describe the following three phases of operation:

· Plastication
· Injection
· Cooling

We will discuss how to determine the optimum moulding parameters for each phase of operation. As always, it is a good idea to refer to machine manufacturer information when setting up the machine parameters on the machine that you will be using.

3.3.1 Plastication

We begin with the first stage of melting the plastics material.

3.3.2 Barrel Temperature Settings

When selecting barrel temperature settings, refer to the lowest processing temperature that the material supplier has recommended. Moulding at a low temperature results in a shorter cycle time and reduces the chances for material degradation.

This lower processing temperature requires a higher injection pressure to fill the mould. However, the efficiency of the operation increases with a slightly faster cycle time, and the final product will have better moulded-in properties.

3.3.3 Heat Profile Settings

The heat profile settings along the barrel will determine how the plastics will melt. Plastics such as polyethylene, polypropylene, ABS, and PVC can be set up so that the lowest temperature is in the feed zone and the highest temperature is in the metering zone. This type of profile is referred to as a forward profile and is the most common profile used in injection moulding.

For nylon, acetal, PET, and PBT, the zone temperatures are fairly constant, creating what is called a straight profile. For materials that have a tendency to drool, such as nylon, a reverse profile may be used- with the lowest temperature in the metering zone and the highest in the feed zone.

3.3.4 Screw Speed

The actual melt temperature of the plastics will be higher than the barrel temperatures, due to the shearing action between the barrel and the screw. As a result, screw speed is a critical injection moulding parameter to control melt temperature because 70 to 90% of the heat required to melt the plastics
comes from this shearing action. Screw speed determines the rate at which the plastics pellets melt. It is necessary to maintain a slow, steady, consistent speed to evenly melt the material.




To determine the correct screw speed, refer to the processing information supplied by the material manufacturer. It is important to use the lowest possible setting that will allow for uniform melting. A high screw speed may overheat and degrade the plastics material. This will cause dimensional problems as well as a reduction in the physical properties of the material.

3.3.5 Screw Back Pressure

Screw back pressure causes the screw to make more revolutions, and the additional revolutions of the screw create more shear heat, which can cause material degradation.

You should use little or no back pressure with glass or mica filled materials because it breaks up the filler and as a result, reduces moulded part quality. This increased back pressure also accelerates the wear on the barrel and screw.

For material using a color concentrate, extra back pressure can be used to assist in dispersing and mixing the colorant more evenly. Extra back pressure can also be used for screws with a short L/D ratio of 15:1. However, screws with higher L/D ratios require very little back pressure as more mixing takes place.

3.3.6 Suck Back

After screw recovery, suck back prevents the nozzle from drooling. Too much suck back may cause splay or bubbles on clear parts or black parts.

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